The Grand Plan
In the 1660s, King Charles II (1639 – 1685) had Greenwich Park redesigned to an ambitious scheme known as ‘The Grand Plan’.
Key information
This bold vision introduced hundreds of trees to the park in a formal layout of avenues, creating a treescape that can still be enjoyed today…
Charles II at Greenwich
On 29th May 1660, Charles II returned to England. For nine years he had been living in exile on the continent, due to the tumultuous events of the English Civil War (1642-51). This bitter conflict had culminated in the execution of his father, King Charles I, and the abolition of the monarchy.
England’s new republican leader, ‘Lord Protector’ Oliver Cromwell, died in 1658. This set in motion a chain of events that ended with the restoration of the monarchy under new King, Charles II.
He would remain on the throne for some very eventful periods in British history, including the Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666.
When he returned to England, Charles found that the capital’s royal palaces had been sold off or destroyed by Cromwell and his supporters. The only habitable palace was at Greenwich, so he turned his attention towards restoring it.
Greenwich Park before the Grand PlanWhat was Greenwich Park like before the Grand Plan? Click here to find out more! |
The surrounding park was an important part of the restoration of Greenwich Palace. Charles had been inspired by the grand gardens he enjoyed during his time in Europe and wanted to create something similar in London.
He knew just the right men for the job.
André Le Nôtre and the parterres
Le Nôtre was a celebrated landscape architect who worked for Louis XIV of France (1638 – 1715). He was responsible for designing the dazzling gardens at the French King’s Palace of Versailles.
A virtual visit to VersaillesDiscover Le Notre’s garden, fit for a French King. |
Le Nôtre’s extravagant gardens at Versailles made him famous, fashionable and highly sought-after in the royal courts of Europe.
When Charles II decided to redesign Greenwich Park, then, he ‘begged’ one of his officials to write to Louis XIV, asking for his celebrated gardener’s services.
The French King replied:
Although I have need of Le Nôtre continually […] I will certainly allow him to make the journey to England since the King so desires.
It is unclear whether or not Le Nôtre ever made it to England, but he certainly drew up a plan for Greenwich Park that was rediscovered at a French archive in the 1950s. This shows his scheme for the northern part of the park, sitting between the Queen’s House and the Royal Observatory.
Formal landscaping
Le Nôtre’s plan shows that this layout was framed by symmetrical avenues of trees. These were eventually planted and the plan is still visible today, giving Greenwich Park its unique formal landscape.
Not all of Le Nôtre’s plan came to fruition, though. In the middle of the tree avenues, he had designed a ‘parterre’. This term, which translates as ‘on the ground’, refers to part of a formal garden made up of plants and beds that form a pattern – particularly when viewed from above.
Though the parterres were never completed, Le Nôtre’s planned ‘parterre banks’ were. These are sharp banks that were cut in alongside the eastern and western tree avenues, framing the Queen’s Field – the central expanse of grass at the north end of the park. The outline of these can still be seen in Greenwich Park, though they have been eroded over the centuries and are not as sharp as they once were.
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Formal ‘parterre’ garden at The Palais de la Berbie, France -
Formal ‘parterre’ garden at Kirby Hall, England -
View towards the observatory from Queen's House today
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Formal ‘parterre’ garden at The Palais de la Berbie, France -
Formal ‘parterre’ garden at Kirby Hall, England -
View towards the observatory from Queen's House today Greenwich Park
Sir William Boreman
Sir William Boreman was a nobleman and philanthropist who also served as Clerk to the Royal Household under Charles II. Surviving records show that he was responsible for implementing key elements of the ambitious ‘Grand Plan’ at Greenwich Park.
The scarcity of surviving records makes it hard to know exactly how Boreman and Le Notre worked together and the extent to which the work of each influenced the other. What we do know is that Boreman was responsible for introducing an iconic feature to the park in 1662: the ’Grand Ascent’.
The ‘Grand Ascent’, sometimes called the ‘Giant Steps’, were a series of terraces that were cut into the hill that leads up to the Royal Observatory. They were flanked with Scotch fir trees on either side. Like Le Notre’s parterre banks, the steps have been eroded over time – their outline is only faintly discernible in the park today.
Still in place, though, are some of the seven tree avenues established by Boreman across the park. In 1664, diarist John Evelyn reported that the trees being planted in the park were elms. Over the centuries, these trees have been replenished and replaced – but the layout of the avenues remains.
Why might we need to replace trees in the park?Find out here |
Pepys’s Perspective
Another well-known diarist left us an important record of the work at Greenwich Park, too. On one of his regular walks in Greenwich Park, Samuel Pepys admired the trees being planted by Charles II.
In his famous diary, Pepys wrote:
walked into the Park, where the King hath planted trees and made steps in the hill up to the Castle, which is very magnificent
Greenwich Park Revealed
Today, the combined efforts of Le Nôtre and Boreman at Greenwich are known as the ‘Grand Plan’. To find out how Greenwich Park Revealed is restoring this important historic landscape, click here.
